Which of the following cases established that the "totality of circumstances" must be examined to determine probable cause?

The case that established the "totality of circumstances" standard for determining probable cause is Illinois v. Gates. In this landmark decision, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected the strict two-pronged test that had been established in earlier cases like Aguilar v. Texas. Instead, Illinois v. Gates emphasized a more flexible approach to assessing probable cause based on the totality of the circumstances surrounding a particular situation.

The Court recognized that relying solely on discrete factors or elements might not adequately capture the nuances involved in establishing probable cause. By adopting the totality of circumstances approach, the Court allowed for a more holistic analysis of the facts available to law enforcement at the time of making an arrest or obtaining a search warrant. This flexibility helps ensure that probable cause determinations reflect the reality of law enforcement experiences, rather than being confined to rigid criteria.

This case has had a significant impact on how probable cause is assessed in subsequent legal cases, highlighting the importance of evaluating all relevant facts and circumstances together, rather than in isolation.